[ Home ] [ Up ] [ Chapter Supplement ] [ Chapter Summary ] [ Chapter Slides ] [ Chapter Notes ] [ Review Questions ][Interactive Review Test][Chapter Outcomes]
Chapter Summary
1. Emotion is awareness of a feeling elicited in response to some environmental stimulus, accompanied by physiological changes and certain behaviors.
2. Darwin proposed that emotions may be innate behaviors, passed on genetically, that help organisms adapt to their environments.
3. The commonsense view of emotions states that the sequence of events in emotional responding is emotional stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes.
4. The James-Lange theory of emotion states that physiological changes precede and actually create emotions. According to this theory, the sequence of events in emotional responding is emotional stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion.
5. The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion stresses the role of the thalamus, which relays emotional input to the cortex and sympathetic system simultaneously.
6. A generalized state of physiological arousal seems to accompany many emotions; however, there are some physiological differences among the emotions such as increased heart rate in anger and fear and increased skin temperature in anger. Blushing is an autonomic reaction that can be elicited in a person by a number of circumstances, which usually involve concern about how others evaluate the person.
7. The opponent-process theory states that an initial emotional reaction is followed by the opposite reaction in an attempt to produce homeostasis. With repeated experiences, the initial reaction gradually diminishes while the second reaction gains strength.
8. The polygraph is an electronic device that makes multiple records of physiological indices that proponents view as indicating deception. Critics note that observed physiological changes can result from anxiety, anger, or fear. Failure to recognize the possible causes of physiological arousal can lead to a high rate of false positive errors in which individuals are incorrectly identified as having been deceptive.
9. There is strong evidence for universal recognition of at least six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
10. Robert Plutchik has offered a model of how emotions can be combined to yield blends that differ in intensity.
11. The facial feedback hypothesis contends that feedback from facial muscles affects our experience of emotion.
12. Display rules are culturally specific prescriptions that tell us which emotions to display, to whom, and when. Such rules account for some cross -cultural differences in the expression of emotion.
13. A real smile of enjoyment, the Duchenne smile, involves the activation of muscles that are not activated during faked smiles.
14. Nonverbal communication involves communication through body language, movements, and gestures. There are four major categories of body language: emblems, illustrators, regulators, and adaptors. The meaning of certain gestures varies with the culture.
15. Paralanguage involves communication through tone of voice, rate of speech, pauses, sighs, and loudness.
16. Compared to men, women report more emotional experiences, more intense emotions, and greater comfort with emotions. One possible explanation is that women’s roles and occupations require greater sensitivity to the emotional expressions in others; moreover, parents discuss and model a greater variety of emotions for young girls than they do for young boys. Researchers have found differences in the activity of the limbic system of men and women that may be related to emotion.
17. Careful scrutiny of behaviors associated with lying may reveal leaked information. These clues do not necessarily indicate a lie, but they may suggest that one has occurred.
18. Languages and cultures differ in the number of words that describe categories of emotion. Some words refer to emotions that are not described in all cultures or languages, such as the Japanese word amae.
19. Schachter and Singer proposed a theory that described emotion as beginning with undifferentiated arousal. The specific emotion label we use to describe the arousal depends on our interpretation of the context.
20. Appraisal theories of emotion are an extension of the work of Schachter and Singer; these theories propose some of the key dimensions that are used to make judgments about events that might lead to emotional reactions. Cultural values can influence the emotions that people experience.
21. Emotions develop from a tripartite model in infancy to a more sophisticated group of emotions that depend on the development of certain cognitive abilities. A key cognitive ability is evaluating one’s behavior against internal or external standards. This ability is the basis of the self-conscious emotions such as shame, guilt, and pride.
22. The new concept “emotional intelligence” includes abilities such as motivating oneself, persisting in the face of frustrations, and controlling impulses as well as self-awareness of the emotions one experiences.
23. Alexithymia is a marked inability to experience and express emotions.
[ Home ] [ Up ] [ Chapter Supplement ] [ Chapter Summary ] [ Chapter Slides ] [ Chapter Notes ] [ Review Questions ][Interactive Review Test][Chapter Outcomes]